Briefly, relevant body observations should include head shape and size; height at the withers and croup; body length; neck length; shoulder length (top of the withers to point of the shoulder); pelvic length (tuber coxae to tuber ischii); scapular and humeral inclination; pelvic and femoral inclination; and chest width. Establishing the exact source of the alignment deviation is imperative; for example, does a laterally pointing hoof, commonly described as toed out, originate from an externally rotated limb or from a particular distal joint? A long hindquarter allows for increased range of extension and flexion. The stance of the horse has been identified as a major source of error in conformation assessment, as small changes in limb placement and weight distribution can introduce significant variation in segmental alignment. A line dropped from the cranial aspect of the greater tubercle of the humerus (point of the shoulder) should bisect the forelimb in the cranial view. The conformation or inherent anatomic structure of the horse is an integral part of the equine musculoskeletal constitution and will influence the quality of dynamic performance. There are five main criteria to evaluate when examining a horse's conformation: balance, structural correctness, way of going, muscling, and breed/sex . When considering conformation, Chrysann Collatos, VMD, PhD, Dipl. . Reasons for performing the study: Assessment of conformation is commonly used in the selection of horses for performance purposes. A shorter hindquarter supports power and strength. Natural Disaster: Are You and Your Horse Ready for Emergency Evacuation? Congruent sloping angulation of the shoulder and hip is also desirable, with a proportional length of individual limbs in relation to the height and size of the body (Figure 15-3). However, this requires expensive equipment, has the health and safety implications of possible radiation exposure to personnel involved, and is very sensitive to subject positioning (Barr, 1994; Age and disuse in athletes: Effects of detraining, spelling, injury, and age, Muscle anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and training, Comparative aspects of exercise physiology, The respiratory system: Anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and training, The Athletic Horse Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine, Distance between the forelimbs is greater at the chest than feet, the limb sloping medially, Carpal hyperextension due to a caudal displacement of the proximal row of carpal bones, the radiocarpal joint being <180 degrees (, Forward at the knee/bucked knee/over at the knee/sprung knee, Radiocarpal joint angle >180 degrees or lack of full carpal extension causing a flexion moment, Traditionally described as the metacarpus laterally deviated relative to the carpus; however, the displacement is usually in the radiocarpal joint (, Distinct notch distal to the accessory carpal bone on the palmar aspect of the limb causing the circumference of the leg below the carpus to be less than that above the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock), Metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal (pastern) joints have a straight appearance, Forefeet differ in size, shape, or both, causing variable hoofground angles, Tibiotarsal (hock) angle 53 degrees or less (, Either a rotational change in the hindlimb or tarsus valgus >180 degrees, Width of head and third metacarpal/metatarsal. Attachment of the long lateral ligament of the tibiotarsal joint to the plantar border of the calcaneus Hindlimb Horses with straighter shoulders and pastern angles tend to have shorter strides. The absence of standardized evaluation standards, lack of centralized training programs internationally, and a large source of error introduced by subjective assessment precludes sole use of this method to compare results between studies or substantiate the more complex relationships among conformation, performance, and soundness. For example, a caudal deviation at the radiocarpal or metacarpal joint complex (knee) may be described as back at the knee, calf knee, or carpal hyperextension, none of which describes the precise origin of segmental misalignment. They are more prone to stress and injury than the hind legs. It is the arrangement of muscle, bones, tissue, and overall body structure that come together to create the horse and the resulting athletic ability of said horse. TABLE 152 One confor - m ation analysis system is known as BSMQTT: balance, stru ctu re, m u scling, qu ality, type, and travel. Attempts to correct some foot deviations, such as shoring up low heels on a long-toed horse, can lead to further problems, notes Collatos. Conform ation analysis is the system atic com parison of one horse to another, and all horses to an ideal type for the breed or athletic pu rpose. FIGURE 15-3 Measurement of shoulder length (A), rump length (B), shoulder angle (C), and rump angle (D). These traits were hoofpastern axis in both forelimbs and hindlimbs, head size, and vertical alignment of the forelimbs and hindlimbs, all having a coefficient of variation greater than 10%. Either a rotational change in the hindlimb or tarsus valgus >180 degrees A strong, well-placed hock makes a stronger, more efficient leg. This means that an imaginary line drawn down the front of the horse's pastern should continue in that line down the front of the hoof wall. It affects the looks of a horse - the shape and proportions of its body. These traits were hoofpastern axis in both forelimbs and hindlimbs, head size, and vertical alignment of the forelimbs and hindlimbs, all having a coefficient of variation greater than 10%. Racehorse conformation and its' potential to predict animal performance - Volume 2009 Measurements Taken A good first step is to work with a competent farrier to maintain a regular trimming and shoeing schedule that ensures keeping a horses hoof angles as correct as possible for that individual.. The entire hindlimb should be bisected evenly in the caudal view. 4. . When assessing foal conformation, limbs can also be viewed from above at the shoulder and hip (skyline view). 1. There is a great need to clarify and standardize the descriptive terminology of joint alignments, as most conformational traits are described using multiple traditional and variable nonscientific terms, rather than by defining anatomic configuration. If your horse's croup is higher, then your horse is built more downhill. Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window) Aesthetic factors such as athletic elegance, suppleness, overall balance and harmony, jumping style, and movement symmetry are necessarily subjectively based. Other factors such as human management, environmental conditions, genetics, nutrition, temperament, training, and the health status of the horse will also have a large bearing on ultimate performance. (2006c) also suggested that variability in judgment is affected by the limited repeatability of measurement techniques due to inaccurate identification of anatomic landmarks and inconsistent positioning of the subject. Jul 8, 2016 | Posted by admin in EQUINE MEDICINE | Comments Off on Conformation. Smaller-Footed Horses. A horse's back should be shorter than their underline. A horse with good balance always has an attractive profile, which means he appeals to the eye. Pain and conformation. This can be demonstrated by the red lines in Figure 2. Height at withers, back, and croupLength of head, body, limbsDepth of chestWidth of breast and pelvis Anatomic Description Chestnut: a small calloused are on the inside of each leg. Blemishes that do not affect these characteristics and have nothing to do with the horse's . When a horse has a conformational defecttoed in or out, offset cannon bones, benched knees, sickle-hockedbones dont line up correctly at the joints. The entire hindlimb should be bisected evenly in the caudal view. Therefore, Quarter Horse conformation tends to be downhill with tremendous power and musculature in the sacrum, hips, and thighs to enable them to dig in, turn, and go. Endurance horses experience repetitive concussion at moderate speeds for many consecutive hours. Yet, most studies have employed generalized or horsemanship terms in describing conformational traits. Swan neck. If it's too big, then it will add a little extra weight to the forehand which is naturally already carrying around 60 percent of a horse's total weight. Two British Columbia Horses Test Positive for EIA, Scientists Validate Safety of Equine Blood Flow Restriction. She cites an example of a horse with contracted heels or a club foot in front yet a strong, symmetrical, well-conformed pelvis and hind limbs. The hind cannon bone is usually longer and wider than the front cannon bone. Forefeet differ in size, shape, or both, causing variable hoofground angles FIGURE 15-5 Illustrations of some common conformational defects of the hooves (see Table 15-1 for description). Conformation also varies with breed, within a breed and between individuals. At this angle, the horse's elbow is directly below the front of the withers. "A long or short neck may affect the way the horse rides but it will . Stay on top of the most recent Horse Health news with, IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN ADOPTING THIS HORSE, PLEASE SUBMIT AN ADOPTION INQUIRY VIA OUR WEBSITE: ALLABOUTEQUINE dot ORG. A horse that has horizontal balance will have a straight line from withers to croup. The veterinarian will study conformation, balance and weight-bearing, as well as ook for any evidence of injury or stress. Here are five areas of concern that Dr. Morrow sees in rope horses that come through his practice regularly. Prior to a veterinarian's examination to diagnose the causes of lameness, the horse should be off any pain medications for at least 24 hours. All assessment of equine conformation should be conducted with the horse standing squarely (loading all limbs symmetrically) on a level surface. An overabundance of muscling is the last thing I look for. Farrier textbooks suggest and determine excellent conformation as feet, cannon bone and knees Predispose to upward fixation of the patella and potential stifle osteoarthritis. When an owner complains about tripping, subtle or inconsistent forelimb lameness, or difficulty in transitions, cervical arthritis is on my list of potential differentials., Collatos says she tends to avoid a low-set neck conformation for upper-level dressage or show jumping prospects. (From Mawdsley A, Kelly EP, Smith FH, Brophy PO: Linear assessment of the thoroughbred horse: an approach to conformation evaluation, Equine Vet J 28:461, 1996). When considering conformation, Chrysann Collatos, VMD, PhD, Dipl. Proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament of the fetlock joint to the distal end of the third metacarpal bone There is emerging a new way of assessing conformation in the dynamic realm, until now . Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. (From Mawdsley A, Kelly EP, Smith FH, Brophy PO: Linear assessment of the thoroughbred horse: an approach to conformation evaluation, Equine Vet J 28:461, 1996. Croup: from point of hip to point of buttock. Horses with poor conformation may be at higher risk of: The basic conformation rules allow you to review a horses athletic ability for a certain performance. Some breeds of horse have heavier or rounder muscles than others. Visual appraisal of defined criteria (the outlines and axes described above) and manual palpation of specific bony landmarks have been the basis of assessment, giving the examiner multiple three-dimensional images over a period. Prepurchase recommendations and perceived animal value rest highly on this assessment. Horses that carry themselves in a way that generates less impact when they land likely do less damage to bones and joints than those individuals that come crashing down with each step., Toed-in (carpal or tarsal or fetlock varus), Toed-out (carpal or tarsal or fetlock valgus). I want to see a horse that's structurally correct, pretty, and balanced that's the type . It should be round with muscle to provide a smooth contoured shape. (From Mawdsley A, Kelly EP, Smith FH, Brophy PO: Linear assessment of the thoroughbred horse: an approach to conformation evaluation, Equine Vet J 28:461, 1996). ACVIM, of High Desert Equine, in Reno, Nevada, says watching a horse in motion always trumps looking at him standing still. 7. This means that it is affected by both many genes and the environment. 11. Many sport horses are also prone to ringbone (pastern or coffin joint arthritis) and suspensory ligament injuries; therefore, alignment of the bones in the lower limb is also important.. A thorough hands-on exam. Certain conformational flaws, such as being built downhill (croup higher than the front end and/or a low-set neck), cause a horse to carry even more weight on his forehand. When assessing deviation of the limb from the vertical, Weller et al. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, editors: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, Philadelphia, PA, 2003, WB Saunders, p 21.) Evaluating Conformation - A Dynamic Process "You don't just look at a horse from a static view, and you don't just look at them from one angle," Adams stressed. Examination procedures may include the following, as deemed appropriate for the situation: Taking a medical history. Conformation assessment should be a systematic and organized process incorporating a general overall observation of size, symmetry, musculature, posture, balance, and demeanor, followed by a more specific evaluation of conformational traits of the body, individual limbs, and feet. Conformation of the cervical (neck) spine is critical for creating a connection from the poll to the base of the tail, she explains. Conformation usually comes into play during three events: looking at a horse to buy, looking at a horse to breed, and determining the best "job" for a horse. Space between the fourth tarsal, the third metatarsal, and the fourth metatarsal bones Forward at the knee/bucked knee/over at the knee/sprung knee Base-narrow, feet move forward in outward arcs "padding". Conformation can be defined as the formation of something by appropriate arrangement of parts or elements: an assembling into a whole (Websters dictionary, 1976) and equine conformation appraisal is traditionally based on the external appearance of the body shape, form or outline of the animal. The horse's neck should be equal to or longer than the shoulder, back, and hip. A horse's head needs to be in proportion to the rest of their body. Nancy S. Loving, DVM, owns Loving Equine Clinic in Boulder, Colorado, Generally, a horses neck should be one and a half times the length of the head, where: Head length is measured from the front of the muzzle to the top of the poll, Neck length is measured from the poll to the mid-shoulder. (From Mawdsley A, Kelly EP, Smith FH, Brophy PO: Linear assessment of the thoroughbred horse: an approach to conformation evaluation, Equine Vet J 28:461, 1996.). Excessive bulk can cause soundness problems. Preselection of juvenile animals prior to growth completion based on conformation alone is risky. So, theres a fine line between conditioning a horse to prevent fatigue that could cause acute injury and trying to minimize inevitable wear and tear that comes with repeated movements and impact, says Duberstein. Large formed hocks are better at absorbing concussion and generally make for a sounder joint. The head should be in proportion to the rest of the horse. Chin Groove: the part of the horse's head behind the lower lip and chin. 5. 6. In the hindlimb, a plumb line dropped from the ischial tuberosity should touch the point of the calcaneous (prominent caudally in the tarsus or hock), follow the plantar metatarsal surface to the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ or fetlock) and fall 7.5 to 10 cm caudal to the heel in the lateral view. Although meeting with some success, 6 of 21 traits were classified unacceptably low in repeatability (Mawdsley et al., 1996). With poor conformation, a horse may be best suited to quiet trail rides. (From Ross MW: Conformation and lameness. For example, a caudal deviation at the radiocarpal or metacarpal joint complex (knee) may be described as back at the knee, calf knee, or carpal hyperextension, none of which describes the precise origin of segmental misalignment. Conformation of the cervical (neck) spine is critical for creating a connection from the poll to the base of the tail, she explains. Neck and forelimb Metacarpophalangeal varus Pigeon Toe-ed or Toe-ed Out Horses. In the hindlimb, a plumb line dropped from the ischial tuberosity should touch the point of the calcaneous (prominent caudally in the tarsus or hock), follow the plantar metatarsal surface to the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ or fetlock), and fall 7.5 to 10 cm (Ross, 2003) caudal to the heel in the lateral view. Poor conformation can lead to problems related to concussion. Despite these limitations, subjective evaluation can be easily and quickly performed by an experienced evaluator, expediting the assessment of large numbers of horses within a short time frame. It is with increasing frequency that osteoarthritis is diagnosed in the mid and lower cervical vertebrae, using ultrasound and advanced imaging such as CT (computed tomography). A horse's conformation and structure can limit or expand his options as a performance horse. Horses with limb deviations often dont travel with their legs staying in one planethey tend to wing in or wing out, Duberstein continues. The absence of standardized evaluation standards, lack of centralized training programs internationally, and a large source of error introduced by. Dorsal edge of the coronary band Conformation refers to the structure or outline of an animal as determined by the arrangement of its parts. Offset knee/bench knee Concussion is the force that travels up the leg each time the hoof hits the ground and if excessive, leads to injuries and conditions such as ringbone (a disease of the pastern joints). Her book, All Horse Systems Go, is a comprehensive veterinary care and conditioning resource in full color that covers all facets of horse care. Some conformational traits are more likely to affect horses soundness and performance depending on the discipline. Conformation assessment should be a systematic and organized process incorporating a general overall observation of size, symmetry, musculature, posture, balance, and demeanor, followed by a more specific evaluation of conformational traits of the body, individual limbs, and feet. 2. 3. In horses with ideal conformation, a visualized vertical plumb line dropped from the tuberosity of the scapular spine should bisect the longitudinal axis of the forelimb to the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ or fetlock) and fall 5 cm behind the heel in the lateral view. Subjective assessment of conformation Square means the height from the withers to ground should equal the length of body (point of shoulder to the point of the buttocks). The stance of the horse has been identified as a major source of error in conformation assessment, as small changes in limb placement and weight distribution can introduce significant variation in segmental alignment. 3) What conformation flaw is shown? (2006a) found measurement variations in stance within one horse to be almost as large as between horses, thus highlighting the importance of standardized repeatable positioning of the horse. There is wide variation of conformation between and within different breeds, the significance of which requires expert understanding of optimal breed characteristics and potential effects on soundness or performance. This horse can develop an overall lighter movement that reduces concussive force on the feet and limbs to mitigate the development of forelimb lameness resulting from poor hoof conformation., Riders in many disciplines desire certain neck sets and conformation that lead to musculoskeletal issues, says Collatos. Image: drfgyhjkl (image/png) Answer. Wherever the head moves, body weight tends to follow., Riders in many disciplines desire certain neck sets and conformation that lead to musculoskeletal issues, says Collatos. Historically its assessment has been a largely subjective practice with the formation of anecdotal relationships between certain characteristics and certain abilities. The conformation or inherent anatomic structure of the horse is an integral part of the equine musculoskeletal constitution and will influence the quality of dynamic performance. Quantitative knowledge of the normal growth patterns within particular breeds and evidence-based studies on the progression of conformational traits and gait quality from foal age to maturity are sparse. Some studies and studbooks have used a system of linear scoring in an attempt to quantify the repeatability of subjective evaluation (, method of assessment employs a numeric scale to describe defined conformational traits across the entire spectrum of possible configurations, one biologic extreme to the other. The neck should tie into the horses body fairly high to provide good chest space. 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