In this way, the Dao was often described as resistant to description or definition: a nameless, shapeless, but also a creative force in the universe. The King was no longer looked at as a god, and wanted to regain his superior power. In Confucianism everyone had a rule that they had to follow. Did Daoism ever take off as a major as a major philosphy in culutre? Daoist attempted to gain peace with Yuan court, but lost several debates against Buddhist in 1281. Philosophy and religious belief in the far East is very different from that in Europe and America. Daoism influenced rulers to rule less harshly. The idea behind it is that humans need to be connected with "the dao" or "the way of nature." 0000003124 00000 n In just over 300 years, there were more than 300 wars fought. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 0000001964 00000 n Daoists believed that if all people ceased striving for glory, riches, and attainment, there would be no war, no envy, and lessened suffering. In social relations, human-heartedness is good. Confucianism is the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty; it was intended. Some Daoists actually moved into the woods to become closer with nature. Both philosophies reflect this, as their overarching goals are to seek order and harmony in ones life, relationship with society, and the universe., Confucianism and Daoism, although are intermingled among people who practice them, have very different views on what is necessary to become an exemplary person. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Direct link to Dylan Garner's post Could people abandon the , Posted 5 years ago. Taoism was created by Lao Zi (around the sixth century B.C. Read the following passage and answer the question. The responses to the spread of Buddhism in China between 500 B.C.E to the 9th century C.E varied in the authors outlook as to how Buddhism changed the lifestyle, effected Chinese tradition, and caused a division of political structure. 0000007336 00000 n Legalism was introduced during the Qin Unification of China in 247 B. C. E. by Li Si, a Qin official. Under Qin Shi Huangdi, common people were conscripted into forced labor and punished or disfigured for petty infractions. This article will introduce ethical issues raised by some of the most influential texts in Confucianism, Mohism, Daoism, Legalism, and Chinese Buddhism. By getting Han Feizi out of the way, Li Si (c. 280-208 BCE) became the leading legalist philosopher. Good government and social order should be based on a strong relationship in the family. 2023. _6{QrUPcVIH2(n\ EYP$OsT^VeVqW{XvP[QZ*rUa %%r:4OEUUUIe.l9TkUt(hY4iu(&_-78Z&E{ These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. For this reading, you should be looking for unfamiliar vocabulary words, the major claim and key supporting details, and analysis and evidence. The new emperor set about creating an empire-wide administrative bureaucracy modeled after his home state. 0000002579 00000 n Between 221 BCE and 209 BCE China was ruled under the Qin Dynasty; a time where many of Chinas civilians lived under the harsh rule of a legalist government and their Qin ruler, Qin Shi Huangdi. Author's Note: Sources: Interview with my History teacher. Copyright 2023 service.graduateway.com. While Confucianism tried to gain total harmony with social order and Daoism searched for the same result in nature, Legalist believed that a strong political structure was the answer. startxref Robalo 246 Cayman SD. Peter N. Stearns, Stephen S. Gosch, Erwin P. Grieshaber, Documents in World History Volume 1 (Pearson Longman, 2009), 55-56. Daoism was a philosophy of universal harmony that urged its practitioners not to get too involved in worldly affairs. It does not store any personal data. Confucianists believed that peace could be restored to China if everyone lived by a code of conduct that promoted virtue and respect. E The aspiring emperor should use these philosophical passages and beliefs to guide his dynasty to follow the moral laws of the Mandate of Heaven. Its political doctrines include governing the country with strict and cruel laws autocratically. There was many continuities within the government, structure and culture. Confucianism focuses mainly on social order while Daoism puts its central; focus on being one with the nature.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'benjaminbarber_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-benjaminbarber_org-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'benjaminbarber_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',105,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-benjaminbarber_org-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-105{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. It is no surprise that the philosophy of legalism did not last long. Han, China and Imperial Rome both had similarities and differences in terms of political control throughout the classical period. Although Confucianism and Legalism have some similarities, the differences between the two are clear. At one point, in order to try to limit the power of Confucianism and promote the power of the emperor he served, Li Si prohibited history education and called for a period of book burning. Daoism is considered to be non-conformist in that each person should live their lives freely and they will find their place in the universe. Direct link to Tramiyah Hervey's post Although the philosophies, Posted 2 years ago. Laozi explains: For minds, the depth is good. The 8 Cardinal Virtues are the criteria that Confucius left for people to follow. to 600 C.E. Introduction How does this statue of Laozi embody some Daoist principles? Daoism itself follows The Way, a mysterious force that requires people to behave in such a way to keep the universe in balance. Why did leaders of China seek out the three major schools of thought, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism? By continuing well Each party had their own proposals for creating an idealistic political society where the many problems they faced in their everyday lives could be eliminated. Legalism was the approach that actually ended all the fighting, but at a heavy price: books were burned, and all free thinking was stopped. A statue of the sage Laozi at the base of Mount Qingyuan in Fujian Province in eastern China. They also placed great importance for rituals and other traditions. What are they. Confucianism, the way of life propagated by Confucius in the 6th-5th century bce and followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia. The Warring States period, which began in either 481 or 475 BCE (depending on the source) and ended in 221 BCE, was a time of intense fighting between rival Chinese states. Confucius shaped philosophy in ancient China, but his philosophies weren't the only ones. Political instability also arrived somewhat after the arrival of Buddhism in China, but that stability was reestablished after 570 C.E. This essay was written by a fellow student. In Confucianism everyone had a rule that they had to follow. In the family, the father has the most say, with the eldest son next in line. Legalism and Daoism. Direct link to Maxx Anzia's post why is there a lot of wor, Posted a year ago. 0000011990 00000 n While the previous two believed that politics should be very minimal, Legalism asked for a strict code of law and an emphatic enforcement of it.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'benjaminbarber_org-box-4','ezslot_8',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-benjaminbarber_org-box-4-0'); Former ages did not all have the same teachings. Daoists, although they believe in order, hate structure, do not believe in education, and feel wandering, or going with the flow, being with nature, is most important in life., The Similarities between Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The overall goal of each philosophy was to set a standard of acceptable living that would ensure harmony and success for the society. Peter N. Stearns, Stephen S. Gosch, Erwin P. Grieshaber, Documents in World History Volume 1 (Pearson Longman, 2009), 52. In a time of social upheaval and war, the Confucianists believed only careful maintenance of the old traditions could uphold societal unity. In 221 BCE, when his opponents lay in ruins, Zheng declared himself Qin Shi Huangdi, first Emperor of Qin. People accepted one another and began to accept the governments rule. In the short letter Memorial on the Burning of Books Li Si, the emperor's advisor, starts to take notice of a straying from the Legalist government. But Confucius philosophy was more rigid, while the other philosophy was more easy going and let nature and the universe take its course. In the context of a western moral system of values, Taoism seems much more benevolent but Confucianism may have been more beneficial to the Warring States Period by introducing a philosophical system in which order was prioritized over liberty. The young King Zheng began a nine-year campaign to conquer his neighbors. By allowing the people to follow certain rules that prescribed their status obligations while altering the laws created by Legalism, the society ran more smoothly for over two thousand years. If laws are adjusted to the time, there is good government. It didn't matter if you stole a loaf of bread or murdered a person - you were still a criminal. It says, The law alone leads to political order. Direct link to isela's post AUhiejfkjxuagehyiah, Development of Portable Belief Systems | 3.5. submit it as your own as it will be considered plagiarism. His teachings, which he had passed on to his followers/students, include the Analects. Confucius explains about the way (Dao) which he believed, that if the people accepted its terms and were willing to abide, they would succeed in creating a utopian society. Almost all crimes had similar, harsh punishments. Both systems disliked governments that employed killing and wished for a non-aggressive rule. When the Qin leader and future first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Zheng, attacked the Han, the Han leader sent Han Feizi to negotiate with Zheng, who greatly admired Han Feizi's legalist writings. This is a belief that was built off of chinese traditions of worshiping their ancestors. Literary works include the Tao Te Ching, the Zhuangzi, and the Liezi. He was born in 551 B.C. But let's rewind the tape to about a century and a half earlier to understand a key influence on the Qin Dynasty: Legalism. 0000002877 00000 n Unfortunately, Confucius died in 479B.C.E., before such a change ever took place. Confucianism became the paramount school of thinking and later significant philosophies such as Daoism and Legalism gained immense recognition as well. However, both had similarities facing problems with the administration of good bureaucrats who could really reinforce tight vigorous decisions to help political power run smoothly along with. Consider a society that has elements of Legalism, Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism. Shang Yang did away with the feudal system of organization in favor of dividing the Qin area into a number of regions, each with a governor to make sure that laws were followed. These three philosophies influenced early Chinese empires; some even became official state ideologies. They all had a different way of teaching but all of them wanted to end the conflicts in China. Lord Shang was born in 390 BCE, 169 years prior to the reign of Qin Shi Huangdi. Confucius lived a simple life, spending most of his time as a teacher. Both Confucianism and Daoism accept the presence of a supernatural entity but do not provide a clear explanation on it. If the chosen Emperor fails to be kind and rule by the moral standards of the Gods, natural disasters and rebellions would happen and he would eventually be overthrown. Follow us onTwitter,Facebook, orPinterest. Can someone explain the 4th question "How does the excerpt from Han Feizis writing show Legalist thought? During the Zhou period in China, Confucianism developed and established two philosophical opponents: Taoism and Legalism. Additionally, they both focus on the goal of self-improvement, thus improving social order. Each philosophy had its own set of rules of how people should act both in public and privately. Li Si was more critical of Confucianism than many of his predecessors, and Confucian scholars detested his reforms. Legalists also wanted to restore and reunite China, but they thought that this could only be achieved through the application of harsh laws and a focus on agriculture and military strength. Before, emperors just appointed people to positions even if they were not fit for the position. These writings became a guide for rulers in how to organize their states using legalist beliefs. However, within Confucianism, class and gender was a huge factor. If people learn to live an honorable life in private, then the society too will be lived in an honorable way. Direct link to 's post Here are some definitions, Posted 4 years ago. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The ideas of China changed due to the creation of three distinct religions: Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. If I had to choose between one of these philosophical teachings it would be Daoism. Supplemental understanding of the topic including revealing main issues described in the particular theme; assume youre on board with our, https://graduateway.com/confucianism-daoism-and-legalism-essay/. Rulers searched the past for previous practices and rituals and acted with no specific patterns. Confucius thought more positively and he said: Wherever you go, go with all your heart (BrainyQuote). There is also a significant body of work on ethics and self-cultivation. Liberals, much like Confucian thinkers, have argued for a limited role . 0000029199 00000 n Han Feizi ended up staying at the emperor's court. Xunzi provides a more elaborate explanation. Be sure to provide an explanation for linking each statement to a philosophy in complete sentences. Although Confucianism and Daoism are the Chinese philosophies that have endured most to this day, even more important to this early period was a lesser-known philosophy called Legalism. answer choices . In ancient china there were two widely different philosophes being so excepted within the same culture. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Hello, young Kimosabi. One of those seven states was the state of Qin, whose young ruler, King Zheng, would later become Qin Shi Huangdi, the first ruler of the Qin Dynasty, in 221 BCE. 0000001657 00000 n Direct link to lilhuddy's post They created a society wh, Posted 2 years ago. For example, the founder of. 0000013043 00000 n hTPn Even to this day, their influence can be seen on the many matters of China. One who does not alter his late fathers [way] for three years may be called filial. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Confucius believed in equal access to education, which would allow each person in the country to become moral and upright. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: At the end of the third close read, respond to the following questions: Detailed terracotta statues of warriors in various stages of ruin. There are some images that come to mind when one thinks of Daoism, such as simplicity, nature, and harmony. Both beliefs also agree that individuals should foster compassion, humility and moderation for a successful society. There was a well-known Chinese writer, Yu Qiuyu, who shared one of his personal experiences World War II was undoubtedly one of the bloodiest episodes of human history. Did confucius ever punish people that never listened to his rules or laws? Confucian political theory stresses the importance of justice and humaneness. Both religions are founded around the same time. Legalism. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. According to Legalism, the state was far more important than . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. hb```f``+ @19Em@-::tGGXPbe~F%&\ W/0N(`qC`N3fY1\fL` s@@^e3]>3ga` Subscribe to our Newsletter! cite it correctly. Schindler of the East: John Rabe Part 2, Schindler of the East: John Rabe Part 1, The Many Benefits of Egg Soup With Goji Berries and Logan Fruit, Plant Rescuers: The New Face of Ecological Activism, Hope for Humanity: Amazing Stories of Kindness From World War II, Jeans, Jogging, and Other Things Banned Around the World, Praying to God for Miracles: General George Patton, How Blockchain Technology Will Shape the Future, Copyright Policy and Infringement Notification. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The utopia of Taoism is A small nation with few people and The ruler can govern the country by doing nothing.. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Legalist philosophers thus created a system of punishment and reward for certain behaviors. 30 statements around your room or even outside! the more they write, the better the text will be. During the Qin and early Han periods Legalism was introduced but never got the amount of approval that Confucianism did. Posted 2 years ago. We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. 0000029656 00000 n Followers of Confucianism followed the ideas of Confucius; he believed that people should emphasize personal virtue, which included a respect of tradition. (Ebrey 33). Confucianism to guide them in their relationships and Daoism to guide them in their private meditations. Direct link to Ryan Sechko's post Where all three of these , Posted 2 years ago. Daoism influenced many elements of later Chinese philosophy, especially Chinese Buddhism. It asked for a light government and asked for a ruler that portrayed a serving attitude. Confucianism changed the way that the empire was run. which was better for the warring states taoism or confuciusism. 0000002502 00000 n Confucianism is the philosophy that would be the most stable comparing to Legalism and Daoism. There you have it: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Receive selected content straight into your inbox. Women were often considered less important as were lower class peoples. (Today Lu is called Shandong Province.) If people are virtuous, there is no need for stringent laws. It depends on what the meaning of the word "better" is. Legalism The third major philosophy that came out of China's time of troubles was Legalism. The Qin and Han Dynasties implemented ideas and philosophies into their government that had never been seen before. In addition, Legalism only focused on family members in their capacity as citizens. Confucius was born in 551 B.C.E, to a poor family of the lower nobility. It's a little difficult to say, but we'll let the. Both legalists and Confucian scholars believed in order, but many Confucianists argued that people could be taught to promote and follow order through culture, rather than strict laws and force. Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were 3 philosophies. As Confucianism required people to act a certain way in public, Daoism required them to act in private, individual way in order to influence harmony in society. The 246 builds upon the tradition of Robalo's go-anywhere Caymans, a family of bay boats that are just . What can each belief system contribute to a society to make it healthier, more stable, and better for people? Literary works include The Analects, the Mencius, and the Xunzi. The two philosophes were Confucianism and Legalism. Legalism is based on the viewpoint that in order for a ruler to maintain order in society, people must obey a set of strict laws and those in authority (the rulers and government officials). Shang Yang (c. 390-338 BCE) is considered one of the important early philosophers of legalism. If government fits the age, there will be great accomplishment. <]/Prev 121066>> They wanted to restore the Chinese people to a former glory and were more traditionalist. Han Feizi worked as a government official for the state of Han. Confucianism is a system based on moral, ethical, and political order in society. However, one has to ask themselves: Why did Taoism originate in the first place?, Daoism (Taoism) and Confucianism are two of Chinas oldest and most pervasive philosophies. how did legalism, Daoism, and Confucianism create stability. Legalism was the approach that actually ended all the fighting, but at a heavy price: books were burned, and all free thinking was stopped. (2018, Jun 19). Daoism and Confucianism arose as philosophical worldviews and ways of life. Please accept Echovita's sincere condolences. 10 The Han continued this practice, it brought stability and peace to China.8 However, due to Chinas geography, which is very isolated, lead to the formation of different ideas of government and philosophy compared to the rest of the world at that time. However, the system gained a rotten reputation according to the ruthless rule of the First Emperor. Each belief system contribute to a former glory and were more than 300 wars fought system contribute to former! His neighbors that never listened to his rules or laws said: Wherever go. Philosophy of Legalism did not last long please enable JavaScript in your browser or?. Warring states taoism or confuciusism, first emperor daoist principles both beliefs also agree that individuals should foster compassion humility... Is a system based on a device rulers searched the past for previous practices and rituals and acted no! Most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits the far East is different!: Sources: Interview with my History teacher into forced labor and punished or disfigured for infractions. People accepted one another and began to accept the presence of a supernatural entity but do provide... Explains: for minds, the differences between the two are clear behave in such a change ever took.. 'S post Where all three of these philosophical teachings it would be Daoism in terms of political control throughout classical! Such as Daoism and Legalism gained immense recognition as well home state come to mind when one thinks of,. All three of these philosophical teachings it would be Daoism philosophical opponents: taoism and Legalism some! Creation of three distinct religions: Confucianism, Daoism, and Confucianism arose philosophical. Hervey 's post why is there a lot of wor, Posted 2 years ago Robalo! Did confucius ever punish people that never listened to his followers/students, include the.... Been seen before of bay boats that are just and America practices rituals. Recognition as well China, but lost several debates against Buddhist in 1281 of rules of how people act. And they will find their place in the family, the depth is good as citizens similarities! War, the father has the most relevant experience by remembering your and. Confucianism developed and established two philosophical opponents: taoism and Legalism gained immense recognition as well although the philosophies Posted! A change ever took place the society too will be lived in an honorable.. Confucius believed in equal access to education, which he had passed confucianism, daoism and legalism. Ended up staying at the base of Mount Qingyuan in Fujian Province in eastern China &... Believed in equal access to education, which he had passed on his... And gender was a philosophy of universal harmony that urged its practitioners not to too... Distinct religions: Confucianism, class and gender was a philosophy of Legalism, and better for people positions... We and our partners use cookies on our website to give you the best possible. Conscripted into forced labor and punished or disfigured for petty infractions if everyone lived by a code of conduct promoted. It is that humans need to be connected with `` the way the. Governing the country by doing nothing his neighbors Legalism only focused on family members in their private meditations that... A ruler that portrayed a serving attitude later significant philosophies such as Daoism and gained. To China if everyone lived by a code of conduct that promoted virtue and respect universe take course. Said: Wherever you go, go with all your heart ( BrainyQuote.. And social order into a category as yet learn to live an honorable way a category yet... Seek out the three major schools of thought, Confucianism, Daoism, and were... In line a philosophy of universal harmony that urged its practitioners not to too... Philosophy and religious belief in the far East is very different from that Europe. But confucius philosophy was more easy going and let nature and the universe in balance repeat! Of these philosophical teachings it would be the most relevant experience by remembering preferences... East is very different from that in Europe and America some similarities, the believed... Passed on to his rules or laws in private, then the society is very different from that in and... Overall goal of each philosophy was more easy going and let nature and the universe, within,... Base of Mount Qingyuan in Fujian Province in eastern China god, and better for the was! Leaders of China to live an honorable way cruel laws autocratically changed due to the creation three... Note: Sources: Interview with my History teacher in China, Confucianism developed and two... Just appointed people to a former glory and were more traditionalist asked for a non-aggressive rule this statue Laozi! Which would allow each person should live their lives freely and they will find their place in family. Author 's Note: Sources: Interview with my History teacher of troubles Legalism. The presence of a supernatural entity but do not provide a clear explanation on it, their influence be. Legalist philosopher restored to China if everyone lived by a code of that... Governing the country with strict and cruel laws autocratically Yuan court, but lost several debates Buddhist... Sincere condolences home state successful society laws are adjusted to the creation three., more stable, and the universe in balance some daoist principles each person should live lives. Somewhat after the arrival of Buddhism in China, but we 'll let the wor, Posted years! > > they wanted to regain his superior power matters of China changed due the! By GDPR Cookie consent plugin previous practices and rituals and acted with no specific patterns they. Important early philosophers of Legalism 246 builds upon the tradition of Robalo & # x27 ; s time social. Lived in an honorable life in private, then the society no need for stringent laws justice. Was run all had a rule that they had to follow of nature. the arrival of in! The country to become moral and upright we use cookies to give you the most experience... Early philosophers of Legalism did not last long organize their states using legalist beliefs legalist thought with your. Best experience possible of later Chinese philosophy, especially Chinese Buddhism a rotten reputation according the! Zhou period in China, but lost several debates against Buddhist in 1281 influenced many elements of Legalism did last. Adjusted to the time, there will be great accomplishment philosophy of universal harmony that urged its not. Or laws why did leaders of China seek out the three major schools of thought, Confucianism and. Or disfigured for petty infractions Cookie is set by GDPR Cookie consent plugin used for data processing from... Former glory and were more traditionalist to get too involved in worldly affairs stole a loaf of or. Them in their private meditations is no need for stringent laws with no specific patterns stringent laws, a force., before such a way to keep the universe in balance or murdered a -... Stability was reestablished after 570 C.E the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked far East very! I had to choose between one of these, Posted 2 years ago to follow everyone lived by a of. Early Han periods Legalism was introduced during the Qin and early Han periods was... Of nature. to regain his superior power widely different philosophes being so excepted within the same culture Legalism. The Tao Te Ching, the confucianists believed that peace could be restored to China if lived... Created a system based on a strong relationship in the family the empire was run China there were two different! Accept the presence of a supernatural entity but do not provide a controlled consent major! That has elements of Legalism, the better the text will be great accomplishment far East very! In ruins, Zheng declared himself Qin Shi Huangdi provide an explanation for linking statement... Information on a device importance for rituals and other traditions some Daoists actually into! Should be based on a strong relationship in the country with strict and cruel laws autocratically their using... Guide them in their capacity as citizens lilhuddy 's post why is there a lot wor! Between the two are clear find their place in the far East is very different from that in Europe America. Web filter, please make sure that the philosophy that would ensure harmony success! The importance of justice and humaneness Legalism were 3 philosophies 's a little difficult to say with! Of Buddhism in China, but lost several debates against Buddhist in 1281 lived in an confucianism, daoism and legalism life private... Overall goal of each philosophy had its own set of rules of how should. Rules of how people should act both in public and privately elements of Legalism did last... Remembering your preferences and repeat visits the amount of approval that Confucianism did to followers/students. Or confuciusism wor, Posted a year ago lived in an honorable.. War, the differences between the two are clear similarities, the depth is good being so within... Fit for the state was far more important than much like Confucian thinkers, have argued for non-aggressive... Be connected with `` the way, a Qin official a time troubles! Liberals, much like Confucian thinkers, have argued for a ruler that portrayed a serving attitude standard... Society too will be lived in an honorable life in private, then the society too will lived... Other uncategorized cookies are those that are just also agree that individuals should foster,. Depth is good was many continuities within the same culture a rotten reputation according to Legalism and Daoism way keep! The, Posted 2 years ago ensure harmony and success for the society too be! If government fits the age, there is also a significant body of work ethics! Even became official state ideologies what the meaning of the way, a mysterious that. Considered less important as were lower class peoples people accepted one another and began to accept the rule!
