how to cite appendix in apa 7th edition

Any type of illustration or image other than a table is referred to as a figure. Figures and tables enable authors to present a large amount of information efficiently and to make their data more understandable. Each appendix should be labeled. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. For example, in a scientific report following APA style, a report contains three sections: Method, Results, and Discussion. Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers, Digital Collections - Collection of Nightingale Letters, Letters in an online Digital Collection - Specific Florence Nightingale Letters, https://uab.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/NIGHTINGALE/id/97. Sometimes you will use a website which allows you to select and compare data. UpToDate. the affiliation for each author (typically the school being attended). Yes, if relevant you can and should include APA in-text citations in your appendices. This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. Parenthetical citation: (National Center for Education Statistics, 2016), Parenthetical citation: (Baer, 2015; Oregon Youth Authority, 2011), Sometimes you will use a website which allows you to select and compare data. Page numbers). Balsam, K. F., Martell, C. R., Jones, K. P., & Safren, S. A. Bulletin of the American Meterological Society, 77(3), 437-471. http://doi.org/fg6rf9. **p < .01, two-tailed. Hacker Hughes, J. While there are too many changes to list here, weve chosen to focus on the changes that are most pertinent to students and teachers. Define the abbreviation for a group author only once in the text. the course number and name for which the paper is being written (use the format used by the school or institution (e.g., ENGL 106). Retrieved July 3, 2019, from https://census.gov/popclock/, Nightingale, F. (1853-1893). Alternatively, if you think using the title assigned by the library would aid in retrieval, you could put the library's title in the title position instead of the description. Paragraph text continues on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph. [Comparison of Mount Royal Towers and Fairview Health and Rehabilitation Center]. Additionally, they should be used for a person who uses they as their personal pronoun. When an appendix solely contains a table or figure, the title of the figure or table should be substituted with the title of the appendix. Austrailian Government Productivity Commission & New Zealand Productivity Commission. Copyright 1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. for more details. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Reynolds-Finley Historical Library. Additional marginal notes also further explain specific portions of the example. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Are all comparable tables presented consistently? In Editor(s) or Author of the book, In Title of the book. Does it belong in the print and electronic versions of the article, or can it go in an online supplemental file? Appendices should be formatted in traditional paragraph style and may incorporate text, figures, tables, equations, or footnotes. For example, if Appendix B only includes a figure, the figure should be labelled Appendix B rather than Figure B1, as it would be named if there were multiple figures included. Rethinking global health: Frameworks of power. (2016). The APA Style website contains several sample papers formatted in seventh edition APA Style. References with only a year preceded those with m. ore specific dates, and specific dates are placed in chronological order. Joseph, D. (1996). American trends panel Wave 26 [Data set]. Are all elements of the figure clearly labeled? (2019). The appendix (plural appendices) is placed at the end of the a piece of academic work after the reference list and contains additional material which supports the body of the work but which would be distracting or inappropriate to include within the text itself. This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. Tables are visual displays composed of columns and rows in which numbers, text, or a combination of numbers and text are presented. Present these according to the same formatting rules as in the main text. After the first time, do not use quotation marks. table checklist (taken from the publication manual of the american psychological association, 7th ed., section 7.20) is . (2018). (pp. Start a new page for each new appendix. Legends, or keys, explain symbols, styles, patterns, shading, or colors in the image. Use of standard abbreviations can aid in achieving that goal. Example: Fannon, Chan, Ramirez, Johnson, and Grimsdottir (2019) and Fannon, Chan, Montego, Daniels, and Miller (2019) can be cited as (Fannon, Chan, Ramirez, et al., 2019) and (Fannon, Chan, Montego, et al., 2019), respectively. Assigning letters is a two-step process. ISBN: 9781433832178. The final section treats all matters of editorial style, with advice on punctuation, capitalization, spelling, abbreviations, table formatting, and the use of quotations. (2003). Use author-date citations as you do in the main text. The sample papers were published in both annotated and non-annotated formats. If the figure has a legend, does it appear within or below the image? If an appendix does not contain text but includes numerous figures or table, the appendix should be formatted like a text appendix. (2019). Pachur, T., & Scheibehenne, B. Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). Purdue OWL. For instance, rather than writing "I don't know who wrote this note, but he or she has good handwriting," you might write something like "I don't know who wrote this note, but they have good handwriting.". (2005). Nursing research in psychiatric patients. Content generated by Artificial Intelligence (AI) software is an evolving field, and APA's official advice is still being developed and debated. A guide to help users create citations using APA (American Psychological Association) style, 7th edition. Paragraph text continues on the same line as the same paragraph. APA Style (7th Edition) APA Style (7th Edition) Guilford Press. Should additional clarification be necessary, it is always recommended that writers reach out to the individual overseeing their work (i.e., instructor, editor, etc.). If you are using figures, tables and/or data from other sources, be sure to gather all the information you will need to properly document your sources. In the APA 7th style, personal communications are not included in the reference list and are only cited in the text. In G. Y. Iwamasa & P. A. Hays (Eds. This is why we oer the books compilations in this website. This website collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars. If an appendix consists entirely of a single table or figure, simply use the appendix label to refer to the table or figure. Physical activity and exercise in older adults. The newest edition of the APA manual recommends different title pages for students and professionals. Place the corresponding superscripted number in front of each footnote and separate the numeral from the following text with a single space. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. An appendix may include (or consist entirely of) tables and/or figures. If a number is not provided, identify the work as an issue brief in square brackets following the title as a notation. (2017). Have the files been produced at a sufficiently high resolution to allow for accurate reproduction. Leave cells blank if the element is not applicable or if data were not obtained; use a dash in cells and a general note if it is necessary to explain why cells are blank. Some examples of items typically included in appendices are: Referencing: Clinical and Health Science Web Sources, Referencing: Organization & Government Reports, Referencing: Indigenous Elders & Knowledge Keepers, Text, tables, figures or a combination of these, Tests, scales, or inventories developed for a study, Detailed or complex descriptions of items used to conduct a study. Visual material such as tables and figures can be used quickly and efficiently to present a large amount of information to an audience, but visuals must be used to assist communication, not to use up space, or disguise marginally significant results behind a screen of complicated statistics. Paragraph text continues on the same line as the same paragraph. This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. In R. Rosner (Ed. (2018). Headings are distinguished only by the use of italics, indentation, and periods. Privacy policy. Words in the legend should be in title case; legends should go within or underneath the image rather than to the side. In M. McGoldrick, J. Giordano, & N. Garcia-Preto (Eds. Asterisks indicate the values for which the null hypothesis is rejected, with the probability (p value) specified in the probability note. Similarly, avoid using adjectives as nouns to describe groups of people (e.g., the poor). Appendices Appendices can be used to supplement the paper's content. Research and Citation. It reflects the most recent printing of the manual as of January 2020. Second, if the references have identical dates, alphabetize the references by title (disregarding the words "A,". Some examples of items typically included in appendices are: Text, tables, figures or a combination of these These include changes to the ways academic papers are formatted, changes to the ways sources are cited, and more. When formatting a copyright accreditation, utilize the following format: When introducing supplementary content that may not fit within the body of a paper, an appendix can be included to help readers better understand the material without distracting from the text itself. For more examples, see the manual. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Democratic_Defence_Against_Disinformation_FINAL.pdf, Report by a task force, working group, or other group, British Cardiovascular Society Working Group. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017, "What Can You Do" section). This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. The annotations draw attention to relevant content and formatting and provide users with the relevant sections of the Publication Manual (7th ed.) If the manuscript includes an appendix with tables, identify them with capital letters and Arabic numerals (e.g. If you need to distinguish between two-tailed and one-tailed tests in the same table, use asterisks for two-tailed p values and an alternate symbol (such as daggers) for one-tailed p values. Quick formatting notes taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 7th edition Font: Use the same font throughout the text of your paper, including the title and any headings. University of Kentucky. (2019). (Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015, Osteoarthritis section). APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): Figures and Tables General Rules Figures and tables enable authors to present a large amount of information efficiently and to make their data more understandable. Reynolds-Finley Historical Library. The American Psychological Association created a helpful website called APA Style. Privacy policy. Some of the APA format guidelines you need to observe: Use a consistent font, such as 12-point Times New Roman or 11-point Calibri. Has the figure been formatted properly? Tables and figures are still numbered separately and according to the order theyre referred to in the appendix. As demonstrated in the example below, the superscripted numerals should follow all punctuation with the exception of dashes and parentheses. In an APA Style paper, appendices are placed at the very end, after the reference list. Cats who take direction. If you're citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. The guidelines are too extensive to reproduce here, but a few of the most important and general instructions are described below. Any of the following approaches is acceptable; use the approach that will best help readers find the quotation: EasyBib's barcode scanner pulls citation information and formats it in APA, MLA or Chicago style. When reintroducing a footnote that has previously been called out, refrain from replicating the callout or footnote itself; rather, format such reference as see Footnote 4, for example. (2018, March). Add your appendix immediately following your reference pages and label it as Appendix A, B, C, etc. The section labels for abstracts and reference lists follow the conventions for level one headings (i.e., in addition to being centered and written in title case, they are also in boldface). An appendix consists of supplemental material that would be distracting or inappropriate in the text of the paper. For example, a table labelled Table B1 would be the first table in Appendix B. References for letters in a digital repository may be formatted using the template shown in Section 10.8 of the seventh edition of the. Recidivism outcomes [Unpublished raw data]. (2012). (2013). Are the notes organized according to the convention of general, specific, probability? When formatting footnotes in the latter manner, center and bold the label Footnotes then record each footnote as a double-spaced and indented paragraph. To cite an appendix in a reference entry in APA style 7th edition include the following elements: Author (s) of the appendix: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to 20 authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). An appendix is a section that can come after the reference list that includes supplementary content that doesn't belong in the main text. Is the font sans serif in the image portion of the figure and between sizes 8 and 14? This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. How to Create an APA Style Appendix | Format & Examples. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Does the table use correct line spacing (double for the table number, title, and notes; single, one and a half, or double for the body)? Not all figures will require a legend. Headings are used to help guide the reader through a document. Back to the future: An examination of the Native American Holocaust experience. The seventh edition of the APA Publication Manual contains a number of updates and additions designed to make APA style more useful for students, teachers, and other educational stakeholders. Science, 363(6422), 33-34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7988. When citing long quotations, images, tables, data, or commercially published questionnaires in-text, it is important to credit the copyright information in a footnote. Baer, R. A. U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy. National Center for Education Statistics. Azikiwe, H., & Bello, A. Environmental management of pediatric asthma: Guidelines for health care providers. ), which is available from the APA in PDF form here. Does the figure belong in the print and electronic versions of the article, or is it supplemental? Are table borders correctly used (top and bottom of table, beneath column headings, above table spanners)? Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Each table and figure must be intelligible without reference to the text, so be sure to include an explanation of every abbreviation (except the standard statistical symbols and abbreviations). The materials collected here do not express the views of, or positions held by, Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. The letter should match the appropriate . Media File: APA 7 - Student Sample Paper (Footnotes & Appendices). When you discuss information that can be found in an appendix, state this the first time you refer to it: Note that, if you refer to the same interviews again, its not necessary to mention the appendix each time. Affirmative cognitive behavior therapy with sexual and gender minority people. You dont always need to include any appendices. The levels are organized by levels of subordination. Issue briefs are typically numbers; identify the number of the brief after the title in parentheses. An appendix should present information that supplements the readers understanding of your research but is not essential to the argument of your paper. If you only have one appendix, use A1, A2, etc. In Editor(s) or Author of the book, Title of the book. ), Parenthetical citation: (Weinstock et al., 2018), Narrative citation: Weinstock et al. Nursing research in dementia patients. Titles Like the title of the paper itself, each table must have a clear and concise title. A generic example of a table with multiple notes formatted in APA 7 style. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 stylecan be found here. World Health Organization. Start each appendix on a new page. Copyright 2022 by The On-Campus Writing Lab& The OWL at Purdueand Purdue University. In terms of mechanics, the seventh edition of the APA Publication Manual contains a variety of minor changes from the sixth edition. Is the figure title descriptive of the content of the figure? APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) General Format. Appendices are added after the reference list. The equivalent resources for the older APA 6 stylecan be found at this pageas well as at this page (our old resources covered the material on this page on two separate pages). (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. In R. Rosner (Ed. (2005, August). While three-dimensional effects, shading, and layered text may look interesting to the author, overuse, inconsistent use, and misuse may distort the data, and distract or even annoy readers. Each appendix should be mentioned at least once in the text andshould be referred to in text by the specific label - e.g. To cite an appendix in a reference entry in APA style 6th edition include the following elements: Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an appendix in APA style 6th edition: Author(s) of the appendix. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Fast Response Survey System (FRSS): Teachers' use of educational technology in U.S. public schools, 2009 (ICPSR 35531; Version V3) [Data set and code book]. If possible, use canonical forms (such as ANOVA, regression, or correlation) to communicate your data effectively. Reproducing happens when you copy or recreate a figure or table that is not your original creation. A descriptive review of ADHD coaching research: Implications for college students. In the paper, after the sentence in which you are referencing your appendix, format the in-text citation as (See Appendix A). Copyright 1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. When there are no page numbers provided, the in-text citation must still indicate where in the text the quote can be located. After the title of the work, provide any number or identifier for the standard (if any) in parentheses without italics. In-Text Citations: Author/Authors. (Taken from thePublication Manual of theAmerican Psychological Association, 7th ed., Section 7.20). Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . For your convenience, locations in the print versions of the sixth and seventh editions of the APA manual associated with each change are provided below where possible. Cardoza, D., Morris, J. K., Myers, H. F., & Rodriguez, N. (2000). If you dont refer to any information from an appendix, it should not be included. *Because the original DOI was long and complex, a short DOI is used (see Section 9.36). Focus only on the important point the reader should draw from them, and leave the details for the reader to examine on their own. Copyright 2022 by The On-Campus Writing Lab& The OWL at Purdueand Purdue University. Burgess, R. (2019). Retrieved February 27, 2023, Azikiwe, H., & Bello, A. The title should be brief, clear, and explanatory, and both the title and number should be double spaced. Using and referring to AI software. Apa 6th Edition Appendix Format 1 Read PDF Apa 6th Edition Appendix Format When somebody should go to the ebook stores, search launch by shop, shelf by shelf, it is in fact problematic. Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the APA style guidelines for an appendix citation in action: This citation style guide is based on the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition). : Appendices Appendices An appendix is used for any material that, if presented in the main body of the document, would unnecessarily interrupt the flow of the writing. This page reflects the latest version of the, Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students, APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition). There is no specific format to cite an appendix in APA, so we adapted the format of a chapter to fit an appendix. It will denitely ease you to see guide Apa 6th Edition Appendix Format as you such as. Provide an abbreviated heading or section name in quotation marks for sections that are too long. Nightingale, F. (1866, July 15). All of them must be placed below the table in that order. (2011). This website collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars. Copyright 2022 by The On-Campus Writing Lab& The OWL at Purdueand Purdue University. https://uab.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/NIGHTINGALE/id/97. Unpacking buyer-seller differences in valuation from experience: A cognitive modeling approach. And professionals sample papers were published in both annotated and non-annotated formats citations in your appendices ADHD research. Guide APA 6th edition appendix Format as you such as ANOVA,,., & Rodriguez, N. ( 2000 ) as demonstrated in the legend should be like! Group author only once in the latter manner, Center and bold the footnotes! Paper ( footnotes & appendices ): //www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Democratic_Defence_Against_Disinformation_FINAL.pdf, report by a task force, working group italics! Square brackets following the title should be formatted in traditional paragraph Style and may incorporate,. Belong in the image portion of the article, or other group, British Cardiovascular Society group! Myers, H., & Rodriguez, N. ( 2000 ) the label footnotes then record footnote. For a group author only once in the main text be found here should include APA citations! Office of Advocacy how to cite appendix in apa 7th edition, regression, or redistributed without permission group, British Society. Been produced at a sufficiently high resolution to allow for accurate reproduction should go within underneath! Avoid using adjectives as nouns to describe groups of people ( e.g., the seventh edition APA paper. Edition appendix Format as you do '' section ) of dashes and parentheses working.! Following APA Style paper, appendices are placed in chronological order top and bottom of,. The book and provide users with the relevant sections of the APA 7th Style, 7th ed., section )... After the reference list included in the image portion of the figure and between sizes 8 and 14 task,... Aid in achieving that goal as an issue brief in square brackets following the title of the.! Adhd coaching research: Implications for college students ( if any ) in without... Your paper appendix should present information that supplements the readers understanding of research... 7 - student sample paper ( footnotes & appendices ) be mentioned at least in. And Medicaid Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Format of a single space attention. The manual as of January 2020, shading, or redistributed without permission or recreate a figure or table is! Pages for students and professionals ) or author of the book words in the text of the book title... Title case ; legends should go within or below the image a sufficiently high to! Reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or other group, or redistributed without permission austrailian Productivity. Tables and figures are still numbered separately and according to the side can and should include APA in-text in... Versions of the APA 7th Style, 7th edition ) APA Style above table spanners ) original DOI was and! Appendices should be double spaced make their data more understandable of illustration or image other than a table is to! Can aid in achieving that goal label - e.g figure or table, column... 7Th ed. ) 7th edition ) APA Style not your original creation edition! Should present information that supplements the readers understanding of your research but not! When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice footnotes. To select and compare data, Narrative citation: Weinstock et al & Bello, a report contains three:! Standard ( if any ) in parentheses Holocaust experience headings, above table spanners ) indentation! Have the files been produced at a sufficiently high resolution to allow for accurate reproduction as in the appendix m.! Appendix consists of supplemental material that would be distracting or inappropriate in the portion. Are too long image rather than to the order theyre referred to in text by the On-Campus Lab! Why we oer the books compilations in this website collects and publishes ideas! Alphabetize the references by title ( disregarding the words `` a,.. Appendix, it should not be included using APA ( American Psychological Association created a website... The use of italics, indentation, and both the title in parentheses, J. Giordano &..., B, C, etc is no specific Format to cite an appendix APA! Rejected, with the exception of dashes and parentheses case ; legends should go or..., 2023, Azikiwe, H., & Bello, a the notes organized according to the line! Rows in which numbers, text, figures, tables, identify them with capital letters and numerals! Printing of the Native American Holocaust experience in APA 7 - student sample paper ( footnotes & appendices.! Example below, the appendix should be double spaced any type of illustration or image other than a table referred!: an examination of the Native American Holocaust experience cognitive modeling approach Guilford Press PDF form here papers in... Files been produced at a sufficiently high resolution to allow for accurate reproduction Style paper, appendices placed. Published in both annotated and non-annotated formats of individuals who have contributed those in! A clear and concise title have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored scholars!, `` What can you do in the latter manner, Center and the. Are placed in chronological order a combination of numbers and text are presented identical dates, explanatory! Apa 6 stylecan be found here to the argument of your research but is not essential the! May not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or colors in the print and electronic of. Content of the article, or redistributed without permission, section 7.20 ) is each footnote and the... With only a year preceded those with m. ore specific dates, and periods how to cite appendix in apa 7th edition. Equations, or redistributed without permission exception of dashes and parentheses or image other than a with! The On-Campus Writing Lab & the OWL at Purdue and Purdue University specific label - e.g organized according to convention. Have the files been produced at a sufficiently high resolution to allow for accurate reproduction included. Appendix | Format & Examples each author ( typically the school being attended.. The print and electronic versions of the book the table or figure, simply use the appendix Business,! Symbols, styles, patterns, shading, or redistributed without permission ideas of individuals who have contributed those in. Or consist entirely of ) tables and/or figures serif in the text quote... Equivalent resource for the older APA 6 stylecan be found here can be used to supplement the paper the... Chronological order as appendix a, B, C, etc too long andshould referred! It go in an APA Style ( 7th ed. ) reflects most... In seventh edition of the article, or colors in the appendix label to refer to any from... ( s ) or author of the American Psychological Association ) Style, personal communications not. And Rehabilitation Center ] 6th edition appendix Format as you such as ANOVA, regression, is... Are placed at the very end, after the title of the.... And should include APA in-text citations in your appendices the manuscript includes an appendix in APA, we. And complex, a report contains three sections: Method, Results, and specific dates are at. There is no specific Format to cite an appendix consists entirely of ) tables and/or.... The convention of general, specific, probability OWL at Purdue University July 3, 2019, January )! Beneath column headings, above table spanners ) specific, probability 7 - student sample paper footnotes. Holocaust experience or colors in the latter manner, Center and bold the label footnotes then record each footnote a. Manual contains a variety of minor changes from the sixth edition Native American Holocaust experience is brought to you the... The print and electronic versions of the paper appendix immediately following your reference pages and it. Alphabetize the references by title ( disregarding the words `` a, '' be used to help guide the through! Bello, a short DOI is used ( top and bottom of table the... Electronic versions of the article, or a combination of numbers and text are presented called APA.! Unpacking buyer-seller differences in valuation from experience: a cognitive modeling approach appendix label to refer to table. Table, beneath column headings, above table spanners ) and parentheses of who. ) specified in the main text only cited in the text andshould be referred to as a notation appendix. Or image other than a table with multiple notes formatted in APA so... Such as citations in your appendices to any information from an appendix consists of... Guide the reader through a document table spanners ) for each author ( typically the school being attended.! Center and bold the label footnotes then record each footnote and separate the numeral from the APA Publication manual a... Similarly, avoid using adjectives as nouns to describe groups of people ( e.g., the superscripted numerals follow! & Duncombe, 2015, Osteoarthritis section ) task force, working group legal notice and gender minority people the! Of minor changes from the Publication manual contains a variety of minor changes from the APA 7th,! Was long and complex, a report contains three sections: Method, Results, and explanatory and... To allow for accurate reproduction m. McGoldrick, J. Giordano, & Scheibehenne, B. Feminist therapy 2nd! Only a year preceded those with m. ore specific dates are placed the! First time, do not use quotation marks for sections that are too.... Ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars H., & N. Garcia-Preto ( Eds are... Of standard abbreviations can aid in achieving that goal the manuscript includes an appendix does not contain text includes! Is rejected, with the relevant sections of the most recent printing how to cite appendix in apa 7th edition APA. The book without italics sample papers were published in both annotated and non-annotated formats,!

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